Internal combustion engine Essay Example for Free

Internal combustion engine Essay In the next ten years what the average American drives will be very different than today. Electric cars may phase out gasoline (Gasoline is also known as petrol) in the next couple of decade. Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions and are much cheaper to fill up than the more common gasoline vehicles. Switching to electric cars will have more benefits than drawbacks in comparison to other fuels such as petrol and diesel. In order to switch to electric cars Americas electric capacity will have to increase. In the next few years electric cars will also have new upgrades to increase practicality, range and longevity which may convince people to switch. The only major concerns in the market today is an electric cars driving range and the number of charging stations available across the nation. These problems are likely to be solved within the next decade. Although some Americans do not want to buy a fully electric vehicle yet there are many benefits to owning one. One of the main reasons people are considering them is because the low cost of powering an electric vehicle. â€Å"Drivers struggle with gasoline prices well over four dollars a gallon, and a cumulative 60 billion dollars was spent on gasoline during the past year alone†(CalETC). Electricity ismore cost effective to run than when using gasoline. The equivelent cost of elctricity is a dollar or more per gallon. Electric cars also provide the convenience of powering up at home if ones work is close enough for the battery to take them there and back. Today’s electric cars have a range of about 100 miles on a single charge. When someone comes home they plug it in and charge it for the next day. Most people do not drive far on day to day basis. â€Å"Most people would be able to benefit from a car they drive to work and charge overnight†(Truett). The average person only goes to work and back and maybe stop at a nearby store before going home. Some auto makers in the future will have solution to the charging issue. â€Å"Some future cars will have an emergency gas engine that kicks in when the battery is low†(Truett). Although these kinds of cars already exist the car will not travel very far on the battery alone which increases the need for the gasoline engine for some current cars. In the future hybrid cars will have an even smaller engine that will be used less frequently because the car will have a larger capacity battery. Another benefit that electric cars have is more horsepower and torque than petrol cars. The best current electric cars are from Tesla. â€Å"Teslas roadster has tons of power, great handling and looks better than a Prius†(White). Tesla cars achieve multiple advantages in the way they are built by putting the battery in the middle of the car increasing its center gravity. Some auto makers might follow in the foot steps of Tesla and implement these improvements in their entry level electric cars. Most automakers will not make them as fast as a Tesla car. â€Å"Automakers invest their engineering talent in more efficient cars and new technologies rather than horsepower wars†(Espejo). Automakers will produce electric vehicles that will be comparably as fast as an average petrol car. However electric motors have many advantages that many consumers would want. In terms of power and running efficiency an electric motor produces its maximum torque and efficiency at any rpm (rotations per minute) rather than any piston engine which must speed up to reach maximum torque and running efficiency. The piston engine design requires a reciprocating piston which must change directions throughout the four stroke engine cycle and must also use engine power to turn a camshaft to open the valves to draw fuel and air into the chamber and also let exhaust out. This makes it much less efficient than an electric motor which only has one turning output shaft and nothing else but a single speed transmission. Electric cars do not waste fuel while idling like a conventional engine design. Having fewer moving parts that need to be serviced periodically electric motors do not need as much maintenance as petrol engines. In America electric cars are in the beginning phase of catching on in the market. While there are some negatives to electric cars such as â€Å"24 percent mention they have concerns about having access to recharging stations†(Mealia). This is the biggest concern among people that are considering switching to electric vehicles. Although some states are starting to put charging stations in cities charging stations are still nowhere as available as gas stations nationwide. One misconception of electric cars is that they have zero emissions. â€Å"They do however have upstream emissions†(Kliesch). These upstream emissions can come from a coal fired power plant. Depending on where one lives there may be no emissions produced. Only if the electricity generated is from a renewable resource there will be no emissions. Right now, America does not offer the capacity to charge the amount of electric cars needed on a mass scale. â€Å"states are working to get more power stations†(Wald). As more states begin putting power stations the demand for electric cars will go up. More power stations will make people consider purchasing an electric car for their next vehicle. Even the government is giving people incentives to switch electric cars. â€Å"Obamas stated goal of putting 1 million electric cars on the road by 2015(Rascoe). While the government provides encouragement and tax deductibles on people with high efficiency vehicles that could encourage a lot of people to consider buying one. This will make owning an electric car much cheaper to own with the added benefit of low cost charging. Until charging stations become more widely available across the nation the electric car market will not take off very quickly. Some of today’s and future improvements will make people want to buy an electric car. Another type of vehicle with an electric motor is a hybrid which uses a electric car system as the main drive train and a small petrol engine to turn a generator to recharge its battery. In the near future the lithium ion batteries that are used to power the car will undergo a major upgrade. â€Å"developers have added ultra capacitors that prevent the battery from peaking in power which improves the life of the battery†(Truett). With the added battery life this will make some electric ecus able to have a longer drive range than most petrol ears of today. This improvement also makes the batteries overall lifespan greater too because it puts less stress on the battery. Electric motors will also be useful for big trucks too â€Å"BMW plans to use a 2 mode transmission that can tow and drive efficiently†(Truett). This system will provide the capability of towing large capacities and when there is not such a heavy load drive with maximum efficiency. While electric cars provide a promising future it will be a few years before they will be more common than petrol cars. As of now petrol cars are more practical than electric cars but they are much more expensive to run which is the greatest selling point of owning an electric car. In conclusion electric cars may phase out petrol cars in America because of how inexpensive the cost of owning and running one is. Many people are ready for the switch but are waiting for their old car to die or are waiting for a higher availability of public charging stations in their area. It would be best to wait a couple of years before buying an electric car so it has been upgraded with longer lasting batteries and high efficiency drive train. In a couple of years there will be more electric cars available so you can choose from more options. Electric charging stations will cost less to operate because there will not be no need to deliver fuel to the pumps it would also be cheaper to produce an electric charging station because there will not be large gasoline reservoirs underground and the charger will not need a complicated system to pump energy into the vehicle. The range issue electric cars currently face will likely be solved soon by more efficient batteries and gear systems. Disclaimer: this document is no way related to the author or be used against them in the form of turnitin. com. Works Cited CalETC Posts Report on Electric Cars and Drivers Fuel Bills. Professional Services Close Up (2012)ProQuest. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Espejo, Roman. Cars in America. Detroit, Mich: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Print. Truett, Richard. I [ybrids 101. Automotive News. 02 Mar. 2009: 17. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Kliesch, James. WHY ELECTRIC CARS ARE CLEANER. Mother Earth News Feb 201 I: 58. 62. 64. ProOuest, Web. 25 Oct. 2013. Mealiea, Wallace. Electric Cars? Bring Em on! Electric Perspectives 37. 1 (2012): 12 ProOuest. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. White. B, Joseph. , lives on the Road: The Surge in Electric Cars. Wall Street Journal. 16 Dec. 2009: Dl. eLibrary. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. Wald. Matthew L. 8 States Teaming Up to Support Electric Cars. New York Times. 25 Oct 2013: p. B. 1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 29 Oct 2013. Rascoe, Ayesha, and Deepa Seetharaman. U. S. Still Dedicated to Electric Cars, but Deadline no Longer Important, Energy Secretary Says. Oakland Tribune]an 31 2013. ProOuest Web. 6 Nov. 2013. The log of hours I submitted saved blank for some reason.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Dear Mr. Anthony Hopkins Thank you for accepting the role of the inspector in my production of J B Priestley’s play ‘An inspector calls’. The play is set in the early 1912 before the First World War in a time when there was a relative period of economic and social stability. The play is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley. The play is about a family, the Birlings who are celebrating their daughter’s engagement to a young man called Gerald Croft whose family also own a business or factory similar to that of the Birling family business. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family which include Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (their son) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is engaged with Gerald Croft are all sat round at the their dining table having a dinner party to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged. Just after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinner party is interrupted by the arrival of Inspector Goole, who announces that he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva Smith who has committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector first shows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognises straight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birling’s factory, but was sacked because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike that was demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in to leaving them alone by making threats to him and trying to impress him with his high social status. The Inspector is still determined to interrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected to Eva Smith’s death. He talks to Sheila next telling her that Eva Smith use to work at a big well known shop called Millward but lost her job due to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-minded customer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very guilty about Eva Smith’s death. We now also find that Gerald was also involved with Eva Smith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had had an affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous summer; she was his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Gerald for his honesty but doesn’t seem to keen on continuing her relationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk. Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smith’s death since Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature Dear Mr. Anthony Hopkins Thank you for accepting the role of the inspector in my production of J B Priestley’s play ‘An inspector calls’. The play is set in the early 1912 before the First World War in a time when there was a relative period of economic and social stability. The play is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley. The play is about a family, the Birlings who are celebrating their daughter’s engagement to a young man called Gerald Croft whose family also own a business or factory similar to that of the Birling family business. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family which include Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (their son) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is engaged with Gerald Croft are all sat round at the their dining table having a dinner party to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged. Just after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinner party is interrupted by the arrival of Inspector Goole, who announces that he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva Smith who has committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector first shows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognises straight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birling’s factory, but was sacked because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike that was demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in to leaving them alone by making threats to him and trying to impress him with his high social status. The Inspector is still determined to interrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected to Eva Smith’s death. He talks to Sheila next telling her that Eva Smith use to work at a big well known shop called Millward but lost her job due to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-minded customer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very guilty about Eva Smith’s death. We now also find that Gerald was also involved with Eva Smith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had had an affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous summer; she was his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Gerald for his honesty but doesn’t seem to keen on continuing her relationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk. Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smith’s death since Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley

Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix

(a) Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. Coca-Cola Founded in 1886 by pharmacist Dr John S Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia, The CocaCola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and produces nearly 400 brands. www. coca-cola. co. uk/about-us/introducing-our-business. html Coca-Cola was invented by Dr John Stith Pemberton and first went on sale at Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia and these days Coca-Cola is the world’s most favourite and most profitable drink from 1886.PROMOTIONAL MIX Advertising – Coca-Cola uses one of the most modern and popular advertising. Christmas advertisment most popular and Coca-Cola uses Santa Clause because he is with red suit and a white beard and he did not always look that way as Coca-Cola advertising shaped him like that. They use different types of advertising such as: * Print ads * Radio * Te levision * Billboards * Banners * Brochures * Signs * In-store displays * Posters * Web Pages * Motion Pictures Personal selling – Coca-Cola Corporation avoids personal selling but in case of large store and hotels etc. t does use personal selling. The sale officers contact the owners and sell their products directly to owners. Sales promotion – Sale promotion is very important because it can help to increase sales in a competitive market and thus, increase profits also it will help to sell all the existing stocks and there are many more advantages but not only for the company because consumers gets the product at a cheaper rate. The different types of sale promotions that Coca-Cola uses: Associated essay: Corporate Product Or Service CommunicationsBuy one get one free – long time ago Coca-Cola used buy 2L get 1L free and they found that this is not as effective as â€Å"buy one get one free† therefore from now on they are using this technique. Media – Coca-Cola always used this technique as it was most popular and profitable at the same time. To explain what is media it is a special code or message that can be found on the back of the cap and they used two different methods for that. First was more profitable way which was putting there codes and you had to send message or call a number shown to enter a lucky draw with various prizes.Second was putting messages on back of the cap where you could win another bottle of Coke instantly. Last but not least they used Joint Promotion – this is getting more and more popular. Coke is having a promotion from McDonalds, Dominos, KFC, Burger King and many other places, because for example Dominos migh t have a special offer when you buy a pizza you get a bottle of coke free. Public relations – The Coca-Cola has come up with a great public relations plan to use social media like Twitter and Facebook to convey their views on the environment and the actions they are taking.With campaigns like the Polar Bear campaign they started to integrate social media into their public relations. Also Coca-Cola reduced the percent of plastic in product bottling and made bottles recyclable. Direct Marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising.Corporate image Coca-Cola has a good corporate image although they had problems with the content of the coca-cola as it was containing a lot of sugar, caramel color, caffeine and it ma de it very addictive therefore Coca-cola had to reduce amounts of bad ingredients. As you can see from this chart it shows nutrition information and GDA of 500ml of Coca-Cola it clearly shows that 1L of Coca-cola would exceed GDA of sugar if consumed in one day. Corporate image may also be considered as the sixth aspect of promotion mix.The Image of an organization is a crucial point in marketing. If the reputation of a company is bad, consumers are less willing to buy a product from this company as they would have been, if the company had a good image. Sponsorship is sometimes added as an seventh aspect. Direct Marketing Coca-Cola does not use direct marketing techniques although they could consider using direct marketing techniques such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, fliers and outdoor advertisingSponsorship – Coca-Cola is proud to have a long history of sponsoring major events such as American Idol, NBA and even more London Olympics Games, not e ven they get a good advertising from those events but moreover they are even making profit, and what is better than getting advertising for free. McDonalds Happy Meal Advertising – they advertise diffrent times of the day, they also put toys in happy meal that is related to popular movies. â€Å"Happy meal† comes in the box hat has games and colorful images and even more they even have a website that is represented in â€Å"happy meal† and animation around it. Coorparate image – McDonalds had bad coorparate images until they started to recycle bags and they also added healthy menu, happy meals over time is increasing its demand as kids likes to get a toy with their meal and also its a good choice of meal. Direct Marketing – McDonalds uses direct marketing through the parents to the children to sell happy meal, also they sell it via drive-through by offering â€Å"Happy Meal†.Personal selling – McDonalds uses personal selling and staff which are appointed for personal selling they are the one who perform the activities regarding selling up of goods to customers and almost every time if you order something one of the staff members will ask you do you want fries or drink with that and if someone comes with the kid they will offer happy meal for them. Sales promotion – McDonalds uses sales promotion through organizing various contests, programs, functions and promoting different choice of products in the happy meal.Also they uses their happy meal box to advertise latest movies and a lot of different events that children finds it attractive. Sponsorship – No one expected, but 2012 McDonald’s was the biggest sponsorship for London Olympics Games and from my view of point that was a very smart move, because they made a lot of profit out of it, because they was selling their fast-food during Olympics and moreover they had so much advertising that just increased their market share and even improved t heir corporate image.Publicly and public relationship –yes they have healthy opton adn they are part of the olympics Public relations – McDonald’s are improving their public relations over the years and their â€Å"Happy Meal† is favourite choice for the kids. To improve their public relations McDonald’s have created their â€Å"Facebook† and â€Å"Twitter† pages also they setup and YouTube channel to keep the customers updated with the latest products and promotions. Recommendations McDonaldsIn my opinion McDonalds should still try to improve their corporate image, because they had a lot of bad stories about their business that their food contains bad ingredients that are dangerous for your health so in order to do that they could decrease fat content and try to add more healthy options in their menu. Another good recommendation would be more choises in happy meal such as different burgers or drinks. All in all McDonalds is a strong brand and these recommendations would not affect them a lot, but still too maximise profit and customer satisfaction they must follow every single smart recommendation possible.Coca-Cola Coca-Cola had a lot of bad stories in past and a lot of them has to do with business ethics and not being environmentally friendly therefore they made their corporate image bad for a while, and some people still remember those things. In order to improve their corporate image Coca-Cola should try to be more energy efficient, recycle more of their products, make more events and charities, create new products and keep their products at competitive price. All in all coke is most popular soft drink in the world and it going to stay for a long time if they keep doing good job.

Characterization Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee

To Kill a Mockingbird SOAPStone Author She also based most of scout finch’s characterization on her past and childhood. Some examples are Scout was a tomboy so was Lee, Scout had no mother and Lee’s mother was Abusive to her, Scout read on her father’s lap so did Lee, etc. She grew up in kansas so she had a good idea of prejudice and inequality from her childhood which again made it easy for to create the Character Scout She wrote this during the civil rights movement when there was a large inequality for African American people in the U.S. She wrote it to help people put themselves into other people’s shoes. And to help people understand the perils of prejudice. She was the first author to win a Pulitzer Prize on their first book ever, and for a while it was her only book too. To Kill a Mockingbird is a record breaking american classic. Subjects â€Å"Maycomb†(74) â€Å"Raping†(141) â€Å"Black† (143) â€Å"White† (232) â€Å"Race† (233) Occasion Larger 1954 Brown vs board of education was a case in the supreme court that stated segregation in schools was illegal. This was said to spark the civil rights movement. This was all happening while Harper Lee was writing To Kill a Mockingbird. On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white man. She was arrested. This led to the montgomery bus boycott a large event in the civil rights movement. This is significant to the piece because this also was happening when Lee was writing To Kill a Mockingbird, and it also tookShow MoreRelatedCharacterization Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1390 Words   |  6 PagesIn Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird, the author uses characterization to bring her characters to life. Harper Lee introduces the characters of Scout, Jem, and Atticus Finch, the protagonists. Direct and indirect characterization allows the reader to further learn about and relate to the fascinating characters. She uses them to further connect the reader to this iconic story. By conveying the story through these characters, the reader is immersed into the novel. The young and lively Scout FinchRead MoreRacial Characterotypes In To Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee824 Words   |  4 PagesPrize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, has sold forty million copies since its publication in 1960. This controversial novel is about a southern white girl named Scout Finch, who, in her small, racist hometown, grows up during a brutal racial trial for an innocent black man accused of rape. During this time period, Scout matures and, with the guidance of her father, Atticus, realizes the evil of racial stereotypes. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses literary devicesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Two Birds One Stone By Harper Lee900 Words   |  4 Pages9 March 2016 Two Birds One Stone â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it† (Lee 30). To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a very vigorous story about the racial discrimination that was uncontrollable in 1930’s Alabama. The small town of Maycomb is segregated into two categories: white and black. They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded withRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do any harm but make music for us †¦ that’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†, is a famous quote from the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, the father of the main character Scout, says this to her and her brother Jem when they receive rifles for Christmas. This book is considered a classic due to the allegory between the book title and the trial that occurs about halfway through the book. In the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six. She is an innocentRead MoreComparing The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1327 Words   |  6 Pagesvagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Le e elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected by good aspects rather than deleterious behavior. In addition to both novels, â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† share the same concurrent theme. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath and â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† illustrate a synonymousRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1413 Words   |  6 Pagesvagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected and influenced by good aspects rather than deleterious behavior. In addition to both novels, â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† share the same concurrent theme. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath and â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† illustrateRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee785 Words   |  4 Pagessadly has not gotten much better. In the classic novel To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee takes us back in time to when this issue was more commonly known, the 1930’s. The Finch family had lived in the town of Maycomb for generations and throughout the book it was clearly shown and stated how both women and blacks were seen differently because of their race or gender. After taking a closer look at Lee’s symbolism, characterization and foreshadowing used to describe the rough times that bothRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee935 Words   |  4 Pagesbrutal yet fanciful way. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee creates the unjust rape trial of Tom Robinson to shed light upon how the power o f childhood innocence reveals the true racially-based corruption of the time period. Through the eyes of a child named Scout and the focus on two other child protagonists, Dill and Jean, Lee highlights the way a child views the world versus those jaded by the depravity of humanity. Harper Lee focuses upon the characterization of Scout, Dill, and Jean to presentRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1205 Words   |  5 PagesIn her coming-of-age novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, portrays the main character Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch to reveal to the causes and effects of lies in the small southern town, Maycomb County. In Maycomb County, Alabama, the civilians of the town make â€Å"telling lies† a helpful thing to do. Most of the people who live in the town come up with lies to protect themselves and other, affecting the lives of innocents. This harmful and selfish act harms the town and its citizens in many ways.